Vascular disease is caused by inflammation and weakness of the veins and arteries – and by the build-up of fatty deposits in the blood vessels. The accumulation of these deposits happens over a long period of time and can be virtually symptomless until the arteries and veins become so damaged, the blood flow to vital organs and muscles is compromised and causes lack of mobility, pain and tissue death.

Vascular disease is the most common precursor to coronary heart disease and heart attack, it also causes stroke by affecting the arteries in your neck.

One of the most common forms of vascular disease is peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is when the arteries in your legs are affected. It is estimated that 9% of the population suffer from PAD, which causes painful legs when walking, ulceration and amputation.

Treatment of cardiovascular (CV) disease often requires the administration of numerous medications for long periods of time to patients likely to be old and suffering from a range of comorbid conditions. Rational prescribing informed by clinical pharmacology is essential if the right drug is to be administered to the right patient, at the right time, and for the right price. This requires an appreciation of the key principles of clinical pharmacology, and specific knowledge of individual therapies. Knowledge of polypharmacy and drug interactions is crucial, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic challenges associated with advanced patient age, comorbidity, and sometimes frailty must be addressed and overcome. The environmental and genetic determinants of variability in response to treatment are increasingly well understood, and new biomarkers and pharmacogenetic techniques provide the foundations of the emerging discipline of personalized medicine. Long-term preventive medication raises issues concerning safety, adherence, and cost to healthcare providers.

Cardiac arrhythmias are any abnormality or perturbation in the normal activation sequence of the myocardium. The sinus node, displaying properties of automaticity, spontaneously depolarizes, sending a depolarization wave over the atrium, depolarizing the atrioventricular (AV) node, propagating over the His-Purkinje system, and depolarizing the ventricle in systematic fashion. There are hundreds of different types of cardiac arrhythmias. The normal rhythm of the heart, so-called normal sinus rhythm, can be disturbed through failure of automaticity, such as sick sinus syndrome, or through overactivity, such as inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Ectopic foci prematurely exciting the myocardium on a single or continuous basis results in premature atrial contractions (PACs) and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Sustained tachyarrhythmias in the atria, such as atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT), and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), originate because of micro- or macro re-entry. In general, the seriousness of cardiac arrhythmias depends on the presence or absence of structural heart disease.

The 10 drugs we’re profiling here represent the largest in the market by global 2016 sales, excluding those that faced generic competition throughout the year. We included drugs that kept their exclusivity into last year, such as AstraZeneca’s Crestor, which faced generics as of July. But we left out brands that went generic prior to January 1, 2016, including Pfizer’s Lipitor, which is still bringing in blockbuster branded sales—$1.75 billion last year, to be exact. All the sales numbers are courtesy of EvaluatePharma, which ran its exclusive analysis for us in August 2017.

1. Crestor

2. Zetia

3. Vytorin

4. Letairis

5. Tracleer

6. Bystolic

7. Opsumit

8. Ranexa

9. Azilva

10. Remodulin

In childhood, a disorder which involves both the heart and lungs problems, called Pediatric Cardiopulmonary disease. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is the visceral fat deposit over the heart and is often increased in obese subjects. EAT is connected to Cardio Metabolic risk factors and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adults, but this relationship is not well known in children. (MI) Myocardial infarction is rare in childhood and adolescence. Children usually have either an acute inflammatory condition of the coronary arteries diseases or an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (LCA). Peripheral vascular diseases are circulation ailment that affect blood vessels inside the heart and brain. In PVDs, blood vessels are narrowed. Narrowing is generally caused by arteriosclerosis. The discussion about the widespread problem of the baby heart diseases as Myocarditis, Hypertension, Cardiomyopathy, Heart Murmur, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Pericarditis Effusion, Cardiac Arrest, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Cyanotic Heart Disease, and Pediatric Arrhythmia.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people of most racial/ethnic groups in the United States, including African Americans, Hispanics and Whites. For Asian Americans or Pacific Islanders and American Indians or Alaska Natives, heart disease is second only to cancer. Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease, killing nearly 380,000 people annually. In the United States, someone has a heart attack every 34 seconds. Every 60 seconds, someone in the United States dies from a heart disease-related event. About 610,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year–that’s 1 in every 4 deaths. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. More than half of the deaths due to heart disease in 2009 were in men. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of heart disease, killing over 370,000 people annually. Every year about 735,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, 525,000 are a first heart attack and 210,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack

Cardiovascular reactivity reflects underlying sympathetic nervous system activation and has been shown to vary according to individual characteristics (eg, personality factors, emotions), environmental exposures (eg, job stress, socioeconomic adversity), interpersonal and social contexts and interactions, and genetic predispositions to disease (eg, positive family history of hypertension or heart disease).Typically, this sympathetic hyperreactivity is manifest as excessive blood pressure (BP) or heart rate responses to psychological or behavioral stressors or stressful situations. Several human and animal studies support the hypothesis that exaggerated hemodynamic or cardiovascular reactivity to stress contributes to elevations in BP, carotid atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease.

Cardiovascular devices are used to treat and diagnose heart disorders. In the United States, heart diseases and strokes are the first and fifth most prevalent causes of death, respectively. According to a 2015 report from the American Heart Association, about 85.6 million people in the US suffer from cardiovascular diseases (or CVD). Major drivers for the US cardiovascular device segment are an aging population, unhealthy lifestyle trends, and increasing demand for minimally invasive surgeries.

Cardiac rhythm management devices, interventional cardiac devices, and cardiac prosthetic devices are the major categories of cardiovascular devices.

Our all Cardiology conferences has Case Studies act as informative examples to people who might also faces similar problems. Generally, Case Studies in Cardiovascular Medicine, should detail a particular medical case, reporting the background of the patient. They should discuss investigations undertaken in order to determine a diagnosis or differentiate between possible diagnoses, and should indicate the type of treatment the patient underwent as a result. In one piece we can conclude that Case Studies is an useful and informative part of every doctor or physician's medical education, which actually encourage us to include this session track on our international cardiovascular diseases and therapeutics conference which is going to be held at Paris, France.

In the last 15 years the conception for patients with cardiac failure has improved. This is all because of multicentre clinical trials of new and older drugs and a better understanding of outcomes for individual patients. Medications and Case Studies is the fifth and final component in the cardiovascular course for critical care nurses. Cardiovascular Medicine Case Studies content includes several case studies like Case studies in cardio-oncology, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, Outcomes in diabetes, including patient presentation, diagnosis, treatment, medications, surgical procedures, and outcomes for each patient.

Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is the surgery of heart or great vessels. It is often carried out to treat complications of ischemic heart disease; to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease due to various causes, which include endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Other surgeries include Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery, Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs), heart transplantation and much more.

New tests are constantly being developed to further the understanding of disease, injury, and congenital (present at birth) or acquired abnormalities of the heart. The diagnostic tests in cardiology are methods of identifying heart conditions associated with healthy vs. unhealthy, pathologic heart function.

A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely.

Heart failure is becoming, in France as in other countries, a major problem for the heath services. The regulatory authorities have only recently become concerned about the financial impact of the disease, long overlooked behind that of the interventional cardiology.

Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle which affects its size, shape and structure. The changes to your heart are different for each type of cardiomyopathy and can affect people differently. They all affect the structure of your heart and reduce its ability to pump blood around the body. They can also affect the way the electrical system makes your heart beat.

Many Americans may have ischemic episodes without knowing it. These people have ischemia without pain — silent ischemia. They may have a heart attack with no prior warning. People with angina also may have undiagnosed episodes of silent ischemia. In addition, people who have had previous heart attacks or those with diabetes are especially at risk for developing silent ischemia.

Having an exercise stress test or wearing a Holter monitor – a battery-operated portable tape recording that measures and records your electrocardiogram (ECG) continuously, usually for 24-48 hours – are two tests often used to diagnose this problem

It's the term given to heart problems caused by narrowed heart arteries. When arteries are narrowed, less blood and oxygen reaches the heart muscle. This is also called coronary artery disease and coronary heart disease. This can ultimately lead to heart attack.

Over the years, sports medicine has expanded to include not only competitive athletes but also anyone who exercises (amateur or professionals). Although sports can confer heroic fitness to athletes, there is a risk of sports-related sudden cardiac death. The societal and media response to such tragic deaths by an athlete garners negative publicity, although the general benefits of exercise outweigh the risk. Commonly, sudden cardiac death is triggered by a malignant tachyarrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia degenerating into VF. There is typically an underlying substrate for arrhythmia trigger, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, channelopathies, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, or coronary congenital abnormalities, among others.

Sports cardiology has evolved as a subspecialty of cardiology and or sports medicine. In 2011, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) developed the Exercise and Sports Cardiology Section. This section expanded from 150 to more than 4,000 members within a 2-year span. The European Society of Cardiology has also integrated sports cardiology within the section of preventive and rehabilitation cardiology since 2005.

Cardio-oncology is the intersection of heart conditions in patients who have been treated for cancer. Cardiologists can assess patients for potential risk of developing heart conditions if patients take certain types of cancer drugs, or following radiation treatment to the chest. They also help oncologists protect their patients during treatment by closely watching the heart and recognizing heart trouble early in treatment.

The management of anticoagulation in patients undergoing surgical procedures is challenging because interrupting anticoagulation for a procedure transiently increases the risk of thromboembolism. At the same time, surgery and invasive procedures have associated bleeding risks that are increased by the anticoagulant(s) administered for thromboembolism prevention. If the patient bleeds from the procedure, their anticoagulant may need to be discontinued for a longer period, resulting in a longer period of increased thromboembolic risk. A balance between reducing the risk of thromboembolism and preventing excessive bleeding must be reached for each patient.