4^th International Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases and Therapeutics August 16-17, 2021 Prague, Czech Republic

The aim of paediatric cardiology is to diagnose congenital heart defects, to perform diagnostic procedures such as echocardiograms, cardiac catheterization and electrophysiology studies, and to manage the onset of cardiac disease in infants , children and adolescents on an ongoing basis. Myocarditis (the condition is characterised by inflammation of the heart muscle) involves different forms of inflammatory heart disease; Kawasaki's disease is a rare childhood disease that affects blood vessels. The prenatal diagnosis and care given to pregnant women at risk or suspected to be carrying babies with heart defects is neonatal cardiology.

Hypertension is a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is constantly raised at a steady rate. This is often referred to as high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease with high vital signs or blood vessels. It can lead to serious health issues and raise the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and sometimes death. The different forms of cardiovascular disease and their evaluation are mainly discussed in this session. Practically 90-95 % of cases are primary and the unhealthy lifestyle followed by excessive alcohol, salt, body weight, etc. This is suffered by the remaining 5-10% of individuals due to kidney artery thinning, chronic kidney diseases, and endocrine disorder. Cardiovascular disease evaluation generally involves hypertension confirmation, risk factors, underlying causes, organ damage & indications and drug contraindications. Hypertension might be a major threat issue for cardiopathy and stroke.

Arrhythmia is a problem with the heart beat 's rhythm or speed. The heartbeat is too slow during an arrhythmia, or too rapid, with an irregular rhythm. The heartbeat that is too fast is called Bradycardia, a tachycardia that is too slow. It is almost harmless to have arrhythmias, where as few can be extreme and even life-threatening. The heart will not be able to pump the necessary blood into the body when the pulse is very slow or erratic or rapid. This can result in heart damage and different Organs of the body.

Heart failure, occasionally recognized as congestive heart failure, occurs when  heart muscle doesn't pump blood as efficiently as it can. Some disorders, such as tapered arteries in  heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, eventually leave the heart too weak and pump proficiently. Not all conditions that leads to heart failure can be reversed, but treatments may progress the signs and symptoms of heart failure and allow people to live longer.

Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that alter the heart muscle. Primary on there can be few or no symptoms. As the disease aggravate, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur, due to the onset of heart failure. An irregular heart beat and fainting can occur. There is an increased risk of sudden cardiac death in those affected. Types of cardiomyopathy contains hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome). In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle increases and thickens. In dilated cardiomyopathy the ventricles increases and weaken. In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome caused by decreased blood flow to the coronary artery (set of signs and symptoms) so that part of the heart muscle does not function properly or dies. The most common symptom is chest pain, frequently radiating to the left shoulder or angle of the jaw, crushing, central and associated with nausea and sweating. Many people with acute coronary syndrome, particularly women, elderly patients, and patients with diabetes mellitus, have symptoms other than chest pain.

Acute coronary syndrome is usually related with three clinical symptoms, named according to the presence of the electrocardiogram (ECG): ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, 30%) and  non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI, 25%), or unstable angina (38%).There may be several variation as to which forms of myocardial infarction (MI) are classified under acute coronary syndrome.

Robotically-assisted heart surgery  is  also known as closed-chest heart surgery, can be a type of negligibly intrusive heart surgery performed by a cardiac specialist. The specialist employs a specially built computer console to monitor the lean mechanical weapons of surgical rebels. Robotically-assisted surgery has altered the way of certain heart operations are being performed. This technology permits specialists to achieve certain types of complex heart surgeries with smaller incisions and precise motion control, offering patients improved outcomes. In the case of robotically assisted minimally-invasive surgery , the surgeon uses one of two techniques to administer the instruments instead of directly moving the instruments. These involve using a direct telemanipulator or manipulating machines. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that enables the surgeon to conduct normal surgery-related movements. Using end-effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery, the robotic arms carry out those movements. The surgeon uses a computer to monitor the robotic arms and their end effectors in computer-controlled systems, although these systems can also use telemanipulators for their input as well. One benefit of using the computerised system is that it is not necessary for the surgeon to be present, resulting in the possibility of remote surgery.

Cardiac imaging, also known as cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), is a medical imaging technology for the non-nosed assessment of the cardiovascular system's function and structure with a cardiovascular imaging branch that clarifies the cross-sectional imaging studies of the heart and vascular system using computed tomography (CT or 'CAT') and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Both CT and MRI are non-invasive imaging modalities that generate detailed images of the structures inside the heart using a strong magnetic field, radio waves and a computer. It is used in patients with congenital heart disease to diagnose or monitor cardiac disease and to assess the anatomy and function of the heart. To ensure optimum diagnostic quality in patient care while also minimising patient exposure to ionising radiation, MUSC operates the most up-to - date, cutting-edge imaging instruments.

Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death  in many parts of the world and Cardio-oncology is the intersection of cardiac problems in cancer treated patients. For both diseases arising in the same patient, there are many explanations. The risk factors for coronary artery disease ( CAD) and cancer include age, tobacco use and obesity. The effects of radio- and chemotherapy in long-term malignancy survivors may be other causes. These treatments have a direct effect on the heart, which needs, in some cases, surgical correction. Malignancy may also occur during long-term follow-up after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The growth in medical facilities also makes it more likely that heart disease and treatable cancer will be identified.

Echocardiography is referred to as cardiac echo produced by the ultrasound waves that generate the images of the heart. This is a kind of ultrasound test that uses high-pitched sound waves that are transmitted through a system known as transducer. The device accepts the echoes of the sound waves as they bound with the different parts of heart. These echoes tend to produce moving pictures of heart that can be seen on a video screen. It helps to  recognize cardiomyopathies, such as cardiomyopathy with hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and many others.

Coronary Heart disease is often referred to as Coronary artery disease, which means  that the narrowing of the coronary arteries or plaque accumulation within the arteries that resize the coronary arteries is a common term. Blood is transported by arteries to various parts of the body and  after the heart provides blood with oxygen and nutrients. The coronary arteries are vital: blood is carried to the coronary arteries by the heart muscle. So, as the coronary arteries get narrower, the blood flow to the muscles of the heart decreases. A common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which can travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Irregularly it may feel like heartburn. Usually symptoms  happens with exercise or emotional stress, last less than a few minutes, and improve with rest. Shortness of breath can also occur and sometimes no symptoms are present. In several cases, the first sign is a heart attack. Other complications contains heart failure or an abnormal heartbeat.

Cardiac regeneration is the ability of reparative stem cells to restore impaired tissue function by renewing cell growth in cardiac cells destroyed by heart disease or by a rapidly growing and controversial research. The discovery of progenitor cells inside the heart some 12 years ago stimulated interest for cell-based regenerative therapies, and about 15.5 million Americans have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease, like as heart attack, angina or heart failure. Here is the technique for heart regeneration, which allows exogenous cells to be inserted into the damaged region of the heart. These transplanted cells might generate and repopulate the injured area with myocardium. Complementary regenerative strategies to cell transplantation are instantaneously being pursued by the field.

Cardiac nursing is a discipline focused on the prevention and treatment of disorders, as well as an understanding of normal cardiac anatomy and physiology, in-depth assessment and monitoring skills,  comprehensive knowledge of cardiac disease and disorders, and ongoing education on appropriate methods of prevention methods and treatment options. Clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners delivers the comprehensive cardiovascular care for patients with acute and chronic heart.

Major areas include:

Critical Care and Acute Care management of cardiac patients, advanced health assessment, clinical prevention and advanced pathophysiology.

• Discussion on the role of nurses in achieving a successful heart failure service
• Cardiac Patient Management in Critical Care and Acute Care
• Advanced Health Assessment
• Increase knowledge of patients and education about the condition and its management

The pharmacological study that concerned with Cardiac  and Neuronal drugs. Cardiac or Cardiovascular pharmacology discloses the cardiac medicine activities in different heart diseases that include cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, congestive heart failure, Angina and cardiomyopathy. The neuronal pharmacology focuses on neurological disorders and their drug pharmacological activities. There is a physiological relation between these cardiac and neuropharmacology since almost every cardiac disorder is inter-dependent on the nervous system. The cardiac system is regulated internally by nervous systems that are sympathetic and parasympathetic.   

Nuclear cardiology is the study of myocardial perfusion scans, and this test is used to monitor the blood flow in the heart muscle. If these arteries are blocked, the coronary arteries carry blood to the heart muscle, so that the heart does not receive enough blood to operate properly. Coronary artery disease ( CAD) results from this blockage. The myocardial perfusion scan is divided into two sections, which are a stress scan and a rest scan. The main reason for the beginning of the diagnosis of heart disease and the assessment of the extent of the disease and the detection of results in the context of coronary artery disease is nuclear cardiology. Studies in nuclear cardiology use non-invasive techniques to analyse the flow of myocardial blood, assess the pumping mechanism of the heart, and imagine the size and placement of a heart attack. Myocardial perfusion imaging is the most commonly used among nuclear cardiology techniques. In many cancer survivors, cardiovascular disease emerges as an important cause of death, rivalling cancer recurrence. This improved cancer survival has promoted robust cancer survival, coupled with off-target side effects of oncology therapies and the availability of strategies to improve cardiovascular outcomes.